Over the past decade, transport measurements on individual single-wall nanotubes have played a prominent role in developing our understanding of this novel carbon conductor. These measurements have identified both metallic and semiconducting nanotubes, determined their dominant electronic scattering mechanisms, and elucidated in great detail the properties of their quantized energy spectrum. Recent technological breakthroughs in nanotube device fabrication and electronic measurement have made possible experiments of unprecedented precision that reveal new and surprising phenomena. In this review, we present the fundamental properties of nanotubes side by side with the newest discoveries and also discuss some of the most exciting emerging directions. Copyright © 2010 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.